Business Key And Surrogate Key

Surrogate keys are often used by operational systems to identify the business object. By using a surrogate key instead of a natural key the surrogate key is used in all foreign key relationships.

A Surrogate Key In A Database Is A Unique Identifier For Either An Entity In The Modeled World Or An Object In The Database The Surrogate K Surrogate Key Data

A surrogate key is an attribute that is invented or made up for the sole purpose of being used as the primary key.

Business key and surrogate key. The key itself could be made up of one or multiple columns. If a credit card is stolen a new account number is issued. They are used to relate the facts in the fact table to the appropriate rows in the dimension tables with the business keys only occurring in the much smaller dimension tables to keep the link with the identifiers in the operational systems.

Surrogate keys essentially buffer the data warehouse from the operational environment by making it immune to any operational changes. Credit card account numbers are natural keys. A good example of a natural key change for business reasons comes from the credit card industry.

A unique and common surrogate key is a one-field numeric key which is shorter easier to maintain and understand and independent from changes in source system than using a business key. We can use natural key or business keys as a primary key for tables. The following diagram shows an example of a table with a surrogate key AddressID column along with some sample data.

Surrogate keys are typically integers which only require 4 bytes to store so the primary key index structure will be smaller in size than their natural key counter parts. An example of a surrogate key is an address ID for a table of addresses. Basically surrogate key is an artificial key that is used as a substitute for natural key NK defined in data warehouse tables.

However they are not good candidates for a business key if the business itself is not using them. All tables in a relational database should not will just should have a declared primary key PK. A surrogate key is an artificial or synthetic key that is used as a substitute for a natural key.

The counter is a surrogate key and the business key is a natural key. Business keys are not only numeric sometimes its date text also. In a data warehouse a surrogate key is a necessary generalization of the natural production key and is one of the basic elements of data warehouse design.

This keys are generated at run time. And that is why is is normal to have two keys on a table. A table may have only one primary key but it may be composite consist of more than one column.

Usually you can use an automatic numbering data type such as the Access AutoNumber data type for a surrogate key. Surrogate keys are commonly a numeric number. Surrogate keys typically integers have the added-value of making your table relations faster and more economic in storage and update speed even better foreign keys do not need to be updated when using surrogate keys in contrast with business key fields that do change now and then.

The word surrogate means substitute. A surrogate key also called a synthetic key is a system-generated primary key that is hidden from users. A natural primary key has some meaning a surrogate primary key has no meaning.

Actually a surrogate key in a data warehouse is more than just a substitute for a natural key. Both are primary keys. For Example to create identification number at the time of Develop of Dimension or Fact.

This key is a column or group of columns that will uniquely identify a row in the table. The natural or business key is defined as a UNIQUE constraint and a surrogate or synthetic key is defined as a PRIMARY KEY constraint. They appear in transactions and are mapped to surrogate keys in the dimension table.

Figure A-20 shows the four tables with surrogate keys added to each table. As soon as the business uses the surrogate key to uniquely identify and track data in the source system the surrogate key becomes a business key. However it is not recommended because of following reasons.

Surrogate keys will not be updated over time. A surrogate key is a column or set of columns that can be declared as the primary key instead of a real or natural key. A natural key is used to provide simple easy-to-remember values or set of values that are meaningful to the business as an identifier for each row rather than using business-agnostic system-generated values as primary keys for database tables.

It has no value to the business or the real world. Also if a surrogate key generation process is implemented correctly adding a new source system to the data warehouse processing will not require major efforts. This keys are specified by user or company.

These are two different kinds of keys. Composite key is also termed as Business Key in many of the conversations. A surrogate key is a system generated could be GUID sequence etc value with no business meaning that is used to uniquely identify a record in a table.

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